I agree with Harold Goodwin's study that "The two most significant criteria {to define Community Based Tourism} are community ownership/management and community benefit".
Social capital and empowerment are also important. I consider them both results of the success of CBT, and part of the PROCESS of developing a new model of tourism "development" that includes the residents of pristine natural areas in determining how tourism can meet their needs for conservation, education, supplemental income and cultural preservation.
It is useful that Goodwin notes that there is "no agreement about the meaning of CBT and that whenever the words are used the meaning needs to be made clear." I think that community OWNERSHIP and foreign ownership should be distinguished from each other. That is again where the PROCESS comes in.
Clearly there is a learning curve for campesino communities that are learning how to own and manage successful tourism projects. Community owned ANYTHING involves a learning curve in our present societies, as anyone who has participated in the running of a community food coop will recognize. But food coops in the US have learned and grown, often as a result of the very specialized help that cooperative development organizations have provided to coop boards and communities.
Organizations that are very familiar with the pitfalls of food coop development have assisted local food coops in overcoming these pitfalls. In a similar way, ACTUAR, acting as an umbrella group for various community owned tourism projects throughout Costa Rica, tries to provide the training in organizational development, business management, tour guide training, marketing, customer service, quality control, navigating liability insurance, interfacing with the national tourism board, etc. required for community owned tourism projects to be successful.
Using the characteristics of CBT defined by Goodwin, I can say that the successful community owned projects that are members of ACTUAR provide, to varying degrees
• benefits going to individuals or households in the community
• collective benefits – creation of assets which are used by the community as a whole, roads, schools, clinics etc
• community benefits where there is a distribution of benefit to all households in the community
• conservation initiatives with community and collective benefits
• community owned and managed enterprises
• private sector enterprises with community benefits
• product networks developed for marketing tourism in a local area.
• community enterprise within a broader co-operative
The one criteria that is slightly different from the Yachana model is "joint ventures with community and/or collective benefits, including an anticipated transfer of management." In various ACTUAR projects, community members who have university degrees have become the focalizers of community tourism projects. Their objective is to initiate programs that will benefit both conservation and their communities as a whole. They often become the managers of community tourism projects because of their commitment and vision, and often they receive a salary from the community organization that they have helped to found. But often these people lack tourism and business experience, unlike the entrepreneurs who have founded successful tourism projects that benefit communities, like Yachana.
In the latest edition of my book, The New Key to Costa Rica, i decided to include tourism projects that were owned by foreigners who have years of experience and residency in Costa Rica, like Finca Luna Nueva in San Isidro de Peñas Blancas, and Rancho Margot near El Castilo, on the west side of Arenal Volcano, because the dynamic foreign born entrepreneur/owners started these projects with the same impulse to benefit their local communities as the university educated Costa Ricans who start projects that are members of ACTUAR. And often the foreign-owned projects are more successful economically at this point than many ACTUAR projects, because of the connections, marketing, and internet savvy of the owners.
I want to point out that some ACTUAR communities are lead by campesinos, some by university trained people, but they all work together to make ACTUAR what it is. ACTUAR grew very rapidly with Bernarda Morales, an indigenous leader with not much formal education, but with tremendous vision and spirit, as the president of the board of directors. You can see an example of the project she leads in her BriBri community of Yorkín, with a few moments of her talking about the way the project benefits the community here:
http://www.parrotcreek.com/costarica/
Now the president is a university professor. The director of ACTUAR's travel agency, Kyra Cruz, has years of experience as a professional in the travel industry. They all work together within the progressive values that characterize Costa Rican history and society. That is why i talk about the way that Costa Rican history and social movements have created a CLIMATE in which community owned projects have a chance of success.
The biodiversity of the Costa Rican rainforest developed in response to the needs of plants, animals, insects and birds to find the niche that would guarantee their survival. I see the process of communities working together to learn how to SURVIVE in the harsh climate of "tourism development" as a similar process. ACTUAR is trying to provide the tools needed by these communities. In further posts I will talk about the conditions within the successful communities that lead to success in tourism.
I am interested in knowing if the distinctions I have made up til now are useful as a jumping off point for further discussion of Goodein's article, which I find helpful in clarifying a little-known field, rather than depressing.
Please let me know if what I have said is useful so far.